Summary

• Influence and Legacy: Amenhotep III, a powerful Pharaoh of Egypt, left an indelible mark in history, known for his majestic legacy and influence, particularly during Egypt’s New Kingdom (1570 – 1050 BC).
• Life and Achievements: Ascending to power at 12, Amenhotep III ruled for 38 years, expanding Egypt’s territories, showcasing political prowess, and fostering artistic and architectural advancements.
• Diplomacy and Relations: Renowned for diplomatic finesse, he established alliances through marriages and exchanges, elevating Egypt’s status through peaceful negotiations and strategic alliances with neighboring nations.
• Monumental Constructions: His reign witnessed the creation of around 250 monumental constructions, including temples, statues, and palaces, illustrating his dedication to immortalizing his rule.
• Mortuary Temple: The colossal temple dedicated to him, though deteriorated over time, showcased intricate artworks, depictions of gods, and rituals aimed at perpetuating his heritage and honoring him in the afterlife.
• Legacy and Death: Amenhotep III’s reign symbolized stability, prosperity, and cultural advancements, leaving behind a rich collection of artifacts and monuments. His death at around 50 marked the rise of his controversial successor, Akhenaten.

The great King Amenhotep III is one of the most influential Pharaohs to ever rule the immortal country of Egypt and is one of the few who was able to leave a great mark in the ancient history books. He is one of the most famous rulers in history who was highly successful in creating a majestic legacy worthy of admiration by everyone who ever came across it.

During his reign in the New Kingdom of Egypt (1570 – 1050 BC), Egypt reached the ultimate peak of international and artistic power which further strengthened Egypt’s reputation as the most incredible civilization to ever exist on the face of the earth. He was known for his sophisticated artistic taste, architectural innovations, and very enlightened vision for the future.

Life & Family of Amenhotep III

Amenhotep III (1386 – 1353 BC) is known to be the 9th king of the 18th dynasty and is known to be the son of Tuthmosis IV from his minor wife Mutemwiya, the husband of Queen Tiye, the father of King Akhenaten, and the grandfather of Tutankhamun. He became Pharaoh at the age of 12 after the passing of his father, Thutmose IV, and remained in power for 38 years. He married his wife, Tiy, and gave birth to two sons and four daughters.

His wife Tiye enjoyed equal status to her husband, which showcased her equality and harmony in their relationship. He also had other wives, including Gilukhepa and Tadukhepa from Mitanni, and daughters of Babylonian, Arzawa, and Syrian rulers. In the last decade of his reign, he married his daughters Sitamun and Iset. He was known to be a great politician and a gifted leader. He was a talented hunter, as there are scarabs describing him killing 110 lions during the first ten years of his reign, and a sportsman, as mentioned in a number of inscriptions that also show his military expeditions.

Hobbies & Titles of King Amenhotep III

His birth name, “Amenhotep-Heqawaset” means (Amun is pleased, the Ruler of Thebes) while his throne name, Neb-maat-re, means ( Lord of Truth is Re). He had a number of nicknames such as Amenhotep the Great and Amenhotep the Magnificent.

He is known to have many names which are Amenophis III, Amana-Hatpa, and Amunhotep II which are connected to the concept of the satisfied god Amun plus Nebma’atre who is related to the satisfied god Maat.

The magnificent Pharaoh Amenhotep III had some incredible hobbies like you would expect from any royal member like hunting expeditions, especially of lions, which were considered a symbol of royal power, Collecting Precious Objects, building works of art, and more.

Pharaoh Amenhotep III’s Achievements

Amenhotep III son of Habu dedicated his life to making Egypt maintain the highest levels of prosperity and peace which in turn created an incredible artistic revolution. He was able to set new standards of realism and quality.

He is renowned for crafting the most enchanting monuments and structures all over Egypt across Memphis and more importantly Thebes, expanding the lands of Egypt and his empire through military campaigns into Nubia which enriched Egypt and strengthened its borders.

Reign of Amenhotep III

When he came to the throne of Egypt at the age of twelve, he ruled a great kingdom that ruled supreme, containing immense size, power, and wealth. Throughout his rule, he favored peaceful negations and pursuits over war.

Amenhotep III was a true master of Diplomacy as he made many diplomatic exchanges with other great nations as confirmed by the Amarna Letters which shows he would send lavish gifts of gold to other nations so that they could bend to his will and also it was an exchange for copper, horses, and lapis lazuli, all the way from Asia.

International Relations of Amenhotep III

He made political marriages with a number of daughters and sisters from the rulers of Mitanni, Babylon, and Hittite in order to consolidate alliances. During his rule, he made many diplomatic expeditions across Cyprus, Assyria, and more. His high level of generosity and understanding made him establish a number of profitable relationships with all his neighboring countries.

He refused the requests to send Egyptian women as wives to foreign rulers. He improved the entire atmosphere to express the policies and religion which encouraged the establishment of the most amazing building projects and arts. One of Amenhotep III’s most important decisions was restricting the powers of Amun priests by recognizing other cults, one of which is the special form of Ra the sun god known as Aten, and later on, his son Akhenaton called for the worship of one god which launched a failed religious revolution.

Monumental Constructions of Amenhotep III

Amenhotep III was responsible for creating the most enchanting constructions ever created in the history of Egypt, reaching up to 250 temples, constructions, statuary, and steles to immortalize his heritage. Some of his most famous constructions projects are The Colossi of Memnon which are the only remaining pieces of his mortuary temple, the Nubian temple of Soleb, and his palace complex in western Thebes Malkata which was connected by the Nile through a huge artificial harbor called Birket Habu.

He erected 600 statues of the goddess Sekhmet around the Mut Temple south of the Karnak Temples Complex. The court of Amenhotep III can be found in the Theban hills. Amenhotep III son of Hapu celebrated the ancient tradition of the Sed festival that happened in the 30th, 34th, and 37th years of his rule which are a series of mental and physical tests that shows the ability of the king to continue his role as the ruler of Egypt.

His mortuary temple is the biggest of its kind which was destroyed by Ramses II to be a quarry for his own temple. He constructed many buildings in Memphis, the main portions of Luxor temple, and a pylon in the Karnak Temples complex.

King Amenhotep III was a visionary who wished to immortalize his rule and create a legacy worthy of being respected by all future generations. His heritage still lives across all the heavenly wonders found across the wonders of Thebes.

Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III

The mortuary temple of Amenhotep III was built on the west bank of the Nile River in the 18th dynasty and became the biggest of its kind in all of Egypt. The colossi of the Memnon remains the only preserved aspect of the temple that reaches a height of 18 m. What lead to the deterioration of the temple is its proximity to the river and annual flooding plus the happening of an earthquake around 1200 BC. The temple was oriented to the west which symbolized the rising sun due to the pharaoh’s dedication to the sun god Amun. Some of the constructions that occupied the temple included a Hypostyle Hall which led to the Peristyle Sun Court, and three pylons, plus the Sun Court which held statues of Amenhotep III and various gods, which used materials from all over the country.

The temple held many great works of art, like numerous unique statues, including representations of gods like Sekhmet of healing and protection, and animal statues used in rituals, such as the solar ritual and the creation of the sky map. The temple was meant to give offerings to the gods after the death of the pharaoh to help him on his quest into the afterlife. It played a role in immortalizing his heritage and his incredible achievements throughout the temple’s iconography. Also, the temple showcased the rise of the world from the primeval waters of creation.

Amenhotep III Artifacts

Pharaoh Amenhotep III holds some of the greatest collections of surviving statues, monuments, and artifacts in the history of Egypt. He has over 250 statues identified, providing a visual record of his entire reign. He ordered the creation of a number of incredible building projects which included work at the Karnak temple complex, construction of the Luxor temple, and various monuments across Nubia.

His mortuary was by far the largest, but it disappeared over time. Some of the greatest artifacts include the two giant statues of Amenhotep III at his funerary temple’s northern gate. A great stela known as the Sed Festival Stela that features the god Heh and the cartouche of Amenhotep III was discovered. He uncovered over 200 large commemorative stone scarabs discovered across a wide geographic area, including Syria and Nubia.

Amenhotep III Cartouche

A cartouche of Amenhotep III had hieroglyphic representation used in ancient Egypt to encircle his name, title, and many achievements. Amenhotep III’s cartouche would have contained his royal name written in hieroglyphs. They were used to immortalize the creator god Amun and also symbolize the raising of the pharaoh for a million years.

Amenhotep III Mural

Amenhotep III has left a number of epic depictions and murals which can be found across some of his greatest works of constructions, which are the colossi of Memnon which was famous for producing the legendary vocal phenomenon of the Greek figure Memnon.

The Karnak Temple Complex and Luxor Temple have a great number of murals dedicated to the pharaoh’s life and his offerings to the gods. The Palace of Amenhotep III used to be adorned with colorful depictions, reliefs, and scenes that provided insight into daily life and hobbies like hunting expeditions and feasts.

Death and Mummuy of King Amenhotep III

With his old age, he grew fat and ill, and his mummies showed many painful dental problems. He was buried in the western valley of the Kings in tomb WV 22 which was discovered in 1898 AD. The mummy of Amenhotep III is now located at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization. Amenhotep III ruled Egypt for 38 years and was succeeded by his son Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten).

Amenhotep III’s reign lasted for 39 years, which means he may have died at the age of 50. His regnal year 39 has mostly documented which shows that he suffered from a number of ailments like arthritis, obesity, and dental issues in his later years, which of them may have been the cause of his death. He had only one surviving successor, Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), from his wife Tiye’s show; she outlived him by at least 12 years. He was buried in Valley of the Kings in Tomb WV22. The mummy was found in a three-metre long granite, which was broken into serval small pieces. The mummy was moved around a lot during history but was eventually moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in an event known as the Pharaohs’ Golden Parade in April 2021.

Amenhotep III Facts

• Pharaoh Amenhotep III was known as magnificent all across his reign, which lasted between 1386 and 1349 BCE and is marked by being one of the longest reigns in ancient Egyptian history, spanning approximately 38 to 39 years.
• He is famous for creating some of the most legendary construction projects in all of southern Egypt.
• Amenhotep III’s reign is characterized by political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural achievements.
• He was successful in making peaceful diplomatic relations with foreign powers including the the Hittites, Mitanni, and the Babylonians.
• Amenhotep III’s most famous wife was Queen Tiye, who played a significant role in his reign.
• Amenhotep III was succeeded by his controversial son Akhenaten
• Various artifacts from Amenhotep III’s reign have been discovered, including statues, scarabs, and inscriptions that shed light on his life and reign, which can be found in the museums of Cairo and Luxor.