Summary

• The Ibn Tulun Mosque, located in historic Islamic Cairo, is one of Egypt’s oldest and most iconic Islamic monuments.
• Built between 876–879 AD by Ahmed Ibn Tulun, the mosque reflects Abbasid architectural influence and is inspired by the Great Mosque of Samarra.
• Designed by a Christian architect, its spiral minaret, expansive courtyard, and mudbrick construction showcase early Islamic design fused with local styles.
• The mosque was part of a grand city complex named Al-Qata’i, built atop the legendary Jabal Yashkur—believed by some to be where Noah’s Ark came to rest.
• Ibn Tulun Mosque revolutionized mosque architecture, introducing features such as pointed arches and piers, which later influenced Gothic design in Europe.
• Covering over 26,000 square meters, the mosque remains a functional place of worship and a cultural landmark.
• It’s also one of the few surviving examples from the Tulunid dynasty, standing as a testament to Ahmed Ibn Tulun’s legacy of independence, architectural innovation, and Egypt’s semi-autonomy from the Abbasids.
• Restored multiple times across centuries, the mosque is both a sacred site and a powerful symbol of Islamic heritage that continues to inspire globally.

Ibn Tulun Mosque is a sacred monument that radiates divinity and mystery, plus played a vital role in creating a major shift in the architectural spectrum across the globe. The golden city of Cairo is home to the immortal Ibn Tulun mosque, which is known to be the father of inspiration and innovation, as it changed the face of architecture across the entire Islamic world, but was also able to cross to other borders and different cultures.

Every element of this gigantic masterpiece has a story to tell, revealing ancient tales dating for more than a thousand years about how the city of Cairo came into its essence and current artistic aura. This article will come to explore all the reasons and elements relating to this glorious piece of art.

Discover the Epic Ibn Tulun Mosque Location

The Ibn Tulun Mosque is located in the Sayyida Zeinab district of historic Islamic Cairo, which is known for its ancient mosques and monuments. The mosque sits on a small hill called Jabal Yashkur (Hill of Thanksgiving), which is traditionally believed to be where Noah’s Ark came to rest after the flood. The mosque’s location is strategic, providing a commanding view of the surrounding area at the time of its construction. It is close to other major historic sites, including the Citadel of Cairo, the Mosque of Sultan Hassan, and many other great monuments.

Learn About the Rich History of Ibn Tulun Mosque

Ibn Tulun mosque is known for being the best-preserved mosque in Egypt, Cairo’s oldest intact functioning Islamic monument, and one of the most important historical and architectural achievements in Muslim civilization. It was built by the Emir Ahmed Ibn Tulun, who ruled Egypt from 868 to 883 A.D under the rule of the Abbasid Caliph.

The mosque was designed by a famous Egyptian Architect called Saiid Ibn Kateb Al-Farghany, who was a Christian Orthodox. After taking control of Egypt, he founded a new city called Al-Qata’I on a rocky outcrop said to be the landing site of Noah’s Ark. In May 879 C.E., the construction of a palace complex, a hippodrome, a spiral minaret, and a large mosque named after him was completed.

Explore the Majestic Components of Ibn Tulun Mosque

Ibn Tulun mosque is not an ordinary mosque; it’s one of the oldest, largest, and best-preserved mosques in the world, as it contains an unbelievable amount of history, allure, and elegance from the early Islamic age. Ibn Tulun mosque is built on a 26,318 sqm area, which makes it the third-largest mosque in the world.

Ibn Tulun drew inspiration from the ancient mosque of Samarra (Iraq) in his homeland and from the ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria, as shown in the minaret. The mosque was constructed in the Samarran style with Abbasid constructions, plus constructed around a courtyard, with one covered hall on each of the four sides, where the largest one is on the side of the qibla, or direction of Mecca.

The mosque has a square shape 162 meters long, a total number of 42 doors, and consists of three main sections, the praying hall which holds the breathtaking mihrab and minibar, the beautifully decorated courtyard, and the open extensions (wall battlements) that surround the mosque and works as a barrier between the streets and the religious space inside.

The mosque and the arches of the courtyard are decorated with some impressive designs in carved stucco and wood. The internal decoration of the mosque was out of this world, as some of the decoration patterns can be traced back to the Hellenic and Sassanian eras, on the windows and the arcades, which are a combination of floral and geometrical patterns. Ibn Tulun mosque also had magical calligraphy works on the high section of the walls, the internal frames of the windows, and the mihrab.

The minaret is 170 ft in height and modeled after the minarets of the famous city of Samarra, with a beautiful spiral staircase around the outside, which makes it the only one of its kind in Egypt. The mosque was restored a couple of times throughout history, notably between 1296 and 1299 A.D, and most recently in 1890 when the entire mosque was completely restored.

The Architecture Influence of the Golden Ibn Tulun Mosque

Ibn Tulun Mosque is a rare example where Europeans openly admitted its profound influence on the development of architecture beyond Islamic boundaries, as it was the first recorded example of the systematic adoption of piers to carry the arcades and the roof as an alternative to columns. The mosque was also the first building where the pointed arch was used constructively and systematically. Elements as the pointed arch, the wall battlements, and the piers became essential ingredients of Gothic architecture.

Who is Ahmed Ibn Tulun?

Ahmed Ibn Tulun was a Turkish military leader who was born in 835 AD, founded the Tulunid dynasty in Egypt, and ruled from 868 to he passed away in 884 AD. He was sent by the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad to govern Egypt, but he gradually established his own independent rule, making Egypt a center of power. Ibn Tulun Mosque is known for his military skills, administrative abilities, and the development of Egypt’s infrastructure, which led to a period of prosperity during his reign.

He is famous for his contribution to architecture, most notably the construction of the Ibn Tulun Mosque, which was built between 876 and 879 AD. This mosque was intended to serve as the congregational mosque for the new capital, Al-Qata’i, which is found north of the old capital, Fustat, which was made by Ibn Tulun as his administrative center. Although Al-Qata’i was destroyed after his death, the mosque survived and stands as one of the oldest and largest in Cairo.

Ibn Tulun’s rule marked an era of economic growth, urban expansion, and relative independence from the Abbasids, positioning Egypt as a semi-autonomous state within the Islamic world. He was also a patron of the arts and sciences, and his legacy lives on through the architecture he commissioned, especially the Ibn Tulun Mosque.

Shed Light on the Profound Ibn Tulun Mosque Facts

• The mosque was built between 876 and 879 AD under the orders of Ahmed Ibn Tulun, the founder of the Tulunid dynasty.
• It is one of the largest mosques in Cairo that covers an area of 26,318 square meters (6.5 acres).
• The mosque was built with mudbrick and wood, with some decorative elements in carved stucco. The use of mudbrick was common in early Islamic architecture in Egypt.
• The Ibn Tulun Mosque follows the Abbasid hypostyle architectural style, characterized by an open courtyard surrounded by arcades. Its design was inspired by the Great Mosque of Samarra in Iraq.
• The mosque’s spiral minaret is one of its most distinctive features, resembling the minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra. The Ibn Tulun minaret, with its external spiral staircase, is a rarity in Islamic architecture.
• The mosque has a large open courtyard (sahn) with arcades on all four sides. The prayer hall on the southern side (qibla wall) is deeper than the others and faces Mecca.
• The mosque has a unique feature called a ziyāda, an outer courtyard that acts as a buffer zone between the mosque and the surrounding city. This extra space was rare in mosque construction and provided a level of privacy and security.
• The Ibn Tulun Mosque is one of the few buildings from the Tulunid era that has survived in its original form. Many other structures from the Tulunid period were destroyed after the fall of the dynasty.
• Local legend suggests that the mosque was built on Jabal Yashkur, where Noah’s Ark is said to have come to rest after the flood.
• The mosque has inspired Islamic architecture in Egypt and beyond. Its simplicity, spaciousness, and layout set a standard for future mosques in the region.
• Over the centuries, the mosque has undergone several restoration projects, including a significant one by Sultan Lajin in the 13th century, after the original structure had fallen into disrepair.
• The Ibn Tulun Mosque is both a functioning mosque for daily prayers and a significant tourist attraction, drawing visitors interested in Islamic history and architecture.