Summary

• This article explores the fascinating legacy of Cairo’s medieval gates, which served as defensive strongholds, ceremonial portals, and administrative checkpoints across dynasties.
• The Gates were built during the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk periods; these gates reflect the city’s rich architectural and political heritage.
• Iconic structures like Bab Zuweila, Bab al-Futuh, and Bab al-Nasr embody the artistic and military ingenuity of Islamic Cairo, while lesser-known gates like Bab El Barkia and Bab El Eid highlight its ceremonial and spiritual dimensions.
• Each gate carries unique stories of victory, governance, pilgrimage, and even tragedy, offering readers a journey through time in the heart of Egypt’s historic capital.

The Gates of Cairo are portals to an ancient age that spanned over a millennium and served as critical defensive, administrative, and ceremonial structures. Every detail of the gates features captivating art styles that bring to life a unique set of facts about the golden age of Cairo where this city was a beacon of power and enlightenment that needed to be protected with more than just simple barriers, but gates of divine force.

These gates were built by various rulers, primarily during the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk eras, and they offer a glimpse into the architectural, political, and cultural heritage of Egypt’s capital. Each gate tells its own story, acting as a bridge between Cairo’s glorious past and its vibrant present.

The Origins and Purpose of Cairo’s Gates

Cairo was founded in 969 AD by the Fatimid Caliphate, and its original layout was a square-shaped fortified city with walls measuring approximately 1200 meters in length and 1100 meters in width. The construction of these walls and gates began under the rule of the Fatimid dynasty and continued through successive Islamic periods. The gates were not just defensive structures but also served administrative purposes, regulating the flow of people, goods, and animals in and out of the city.

They also marked the boundaries of different social and economic classes within the city. The gates were often adorned with artistic elements, inscriptions, and carvings that displayed the power, faith, and victories of the rulers. They played a critical role in trade, security, military operations, and public announcements. Many of these gates have been rebuilt and restored over the centuries, preserving Cairo’s medieval Islamic architecture.

The Heavenly Gates to the Glorious City of Cairo

The gates of Cairo acted as the main entrances to the city, and today there are only three remaining, which are Bab al Futuh, Bab al Nasr, and Bab Zuweila. Back then, the word “Gate” used to be called “Bab,” which means in Arabic a door or entrance. Here is the entire information about the famous gates of Cairo:

The Glorious Bab Al Futuh

The first of Cairo’s gates is called Bab al Futuh, “Gate of Conquest“, Built in 969 AD and renovated in 1087 by Badr El Gamali, Bab El Fetouh (Gate of Conquests) is an impressive structure featuring two massive rounded towers that flank its entrance. It stands at the northern end of Al-Muizz Street and connects to Bab El Nasr via a fortified wall, creating a formidable defensive system for the city. The gate’s ornate columns and detailed stonework are prime examples of medieval Islamic military architecture, showcasing the ingenuity and artistry that went into protecting Cairo from external threats while also adding grandeur to its urban landscape.

The Legendary Bab Al-Nasr

The second of the gates of Cairo is called Bab Al-Nasr, “Gate of Victory“, located near the bustling Khan El Khalili Bazaar, was originally constructed in 969 AD by Jawhar Al-Siqali, a general in the Fatimid army, and later renovated in 1085 by Badr El Gamali. The gate’s robust architecture is adorned with military motifs, including intricate carvings of swords and shields, symbolizing Cairo’s resilience and defensive might. Alongside Bab El Fetouh, Bab El Nasr served as a key military entry point to the city, guarding Cairo against invaders and ensuring its safety during tumultuous periods.

The Miraculous Bab Zuweila

The third door Bab Zuweila was built in 1092 AD by the powerful Fatimid commander Badr El Gamali, Bab Zuweila is one of Cairo’s most famous and iconic gates. Located in the southern wall of the old city, it is flanked by the towering minarets of Al-Muayyad Mosque, offering panoramic views of the surrounding areas.

Historically, Bab Zuweila was used for public executions, including the infamous hanging of Toman Bay, the last Mamluk Sultan, making it a symbol of authority and justice. The gate is named after the Berber tribe of Zuwayla, who were stationed nearby as part of the city’s defenses. Additionally, Bab Zuweila marked the starting point for Egyptian pilgrims on their sacred journey to Mecca, adding a spiritual significance to its historical role.

El Bab Al-Akhdar (The Green Gate)

El Bab Al-Akhdar, a modest yet historically significant gate from the Fatimid era, is located near the revered Al Hussein Mosque. Constructed from engraved stone, it represents the last remaining part of Sultan El Hussein’s tomb, where it is believed his head was once kept in a silver box. This gate’s proximity to important religious landmarks underlines its historical and spiritual value to the people of Cairo.

The Incredible El Bab El-Gadid (The New Gate)

Built by the legendary Sultan Salah El-Din (Saladin) in 1170 AD, El Bab El-Gadid is situated near the Zaft Tower. Renowned for its steep inclinations, this gate was strategically designed as a robust defensive structure to repel invaders. As part of the Ayyubid fortifications, it exemplifies the military innovations introduced by Salah El-Din to strengthen Cairo’s defenses, reflecting his commitment to protecting the city during the Crusades.

The Majestic Bab El Ser (El Jabel Citadel Gate)

Also known as El Wastani Gate, Bab El Ser was the exclusive entrance to the Citadel reserved for high-ranking officials, clerics, and ministers. It lies between the general marine gate of the Cairo Citadel and the grand Mohammed Ali Mosque, symbolizing the elite access it provided. The gate’s location and purpose highlight the hierarchical structure of Cairo’s governance during the Mamluk and Ottoman periods.

The Heavenly Bab Sa’ada

Constructed by Jawhar Al-Siqali in 969 AD, Bab Sa’ada was part of Cairo’s western defenses and was connected to Sa’ada Ibn Hayan, a key figure during the Fatimid dynasty. Although little remains of this gate today, its historical context sheds light on the strategic planning that characterized the early development of Cairo as a fortified city.

The Marvelous Bab El Selsela (The Chain Gate)

Bab El Selsela, also known as Al Azab Gate, overlooks the Citadel and was reconstructed in 1747 by Radwan Katkhuda Al-Halfi. It gained notoriety as the site of the infamous Mamluk massacre orchestrated by Mohamed Ali in 1811, a pivotal moment that marked the end of Mamluk power in Egypt. This historical event has made Bab El Selsela a significant symbol of political transition in Cairo’s history.

The Fantastic Bab El Ghory

Located in the heart of Khan El Khalili, Bab El Ghory was built in 1511 AD by Prince Konswa El Ghory. The gate is renowned for its elaborate carvings and inscriptions, which reflect the artistic grandeur of the Mamluk period. Bab El Ghory stands as a testament to the opulence and cultural achievements of the Mamluk rulers, who invested heavily in beautifying Cairo.

The Amazing Bab El Wazir

Built by Salah El-Din in the 12th century and later renovated in 1341 by Minister Negem El-Din Mohamed, Bab El Wazir is located between the Citadel and Bab El Maherouk. The gate lends its name to the nearby street and cemetery, which are still prominent in Cairo today. Its strategic position and historical significance make Bab El Wazir an important marker of Cairo’s evolving urban fabric.

The Ethereal Bab Qaitbay

Constructed in 1494 AD by Sultan Ashraf Qayet Bei, Bab Qaitbay is situated at the end of El Sayeda Aisha Street. This gate is an outstanding example of Mamluk architecture, characterized by intricate stone carvings and attention to detail. Bab Qaitbay was also connected to the nearby El Sayeda Aisha Mosque, further enhancing its cultural and religious importance.

The Golden Bab Khan El Khalili

Built by Prince Seif El-Din Gerkes El-Khalili in 1511 AD, Bab Khan El Khalili was later rebuilt by Sultan El Ghoury. It serves as the main entrance to the famous Khan El Khalili market, a vibrant hub of commerce and culture in Cairo. The gate features intricate inscriptions and decorations, symbolizing the market’s long-standing history as a center for trade and craftsmanship.

The Innovative Bab El Husseinia

Located near Bab El Fetouh and El Geish Square, Bab El Husseinia was rebuilt in 1895. The gate connects two major streets and stands as a testament to Cairo’s urban evolution during the late 19th century. It continues to be an important landmark, reflecting the city’s adaptation to modern infrastructure while preserving its historical roots.

The Significant Bab El Khalk

Built in 1241 by Negm El Din Ayoub, Bab El Khalk is located near Ahmed Maher Square. Originally known as Bab El Kharek, it served as a prominent passageway for Cairo’s inhabitants. Today, the gate remains a significant historical site, offering insight into the city’s medieval past and its role in the daily lives of its residents.

The Epic Bab El Khokha

This vanished gate was constructed in the 14th century along the western wall of Cairo. Once adorned with marble and intricate knot designs, Bab El Khokha reflected the Mamluk era’s attention to detail in architecture. Although the gate no longer stands, its legacy endures in the descriptions of its elaborate craftsmanship.

The Remarkable Bab El Shairia (Bab Al Shariya)

Bab El Shairia, also known as Bab Al Shariya, was built by Salah El-Din in 1170 AD as part of the northern wall of Cairo. It was located west of the Egyptian Gulf, between the Gulf and Bab al-Bahr. The gate was removed in 1884 after cracks were discovered. This gate was a crucial entry point on the northern side of Cairo, near Al Adawi Square, playing a key role in the city’s defenses during the Ayyubid period. Its removal marked a significant change in Cairo’s urban landscape as the city expanded.

The Outstanding Bab El Tawfik

Bab El Tawfik, located near Salah El-Din’s eastern wall, was constructed on top of the ruins of Badr El Gamali’s fortifications in 1097. The gate is known for its artistic designs and strategic positioning, which enhanced the city’s defenses while also adding an element of aesthetic beauty to the fortified walls.

The Marvelous Bab Qasr El Selehdar

Built in 1347 in Souk El Selah, Bab Qasr El Selehdar is a remaining gate of Prince Meng El Selehdar’s palace. Its decorative dome, inscribed with details of the builder’s titles and legacy, showcases the architectural splendor and importance of the palace complex during the Mamluk era.

The Brilliant Bab El Qela

Bab El Qela was part of the Citadel’s northeastern wall and served as a dividing point between the royal and general areas. Its towers, originally constructed by Sultan Zaher Bebers and later modified by subsequent rulers, played a crucial role in defining the boundaries of authority within the Citadel.

The Grand Bab El Qantara

Built in 1173 by Salah El-Din, Bab El Qantara once stood on the eastern front of Cairo along the El Khalij road. Though much of the gate has been destroyed, remnants still exist near Amir El Geioush Street, offering a glimpse into the city’s extensive fortifications during the Ayyubid period.

The Celestial Bab Darb El Laban

Built between 1250 and 1382 AD using limestone from the pyramids, Bab Darb El Laban was one of Cairo’s oldest gates. It marked the entrance to the city and was located near the fourth-largest hospital in the Islamic world, highlighting its strategic importance in both health and defense.

The Blessed Bab El Barkia

Bab El Barkia was constructed in two phases: the first by Jawhar Al-Siqali during the creation of Cairo’s first wall, and the second by Salah El-Din in 1184 to expand the city’s limits. The original gate was demolished in 1936 to make way for Al Azhar University, symbolizing the transformation of Cairo into a modern educational center.

The Exquisite Bab El Eid

Created by Jawhar Al-Siqali during the Fatimid era, Bab El Eid was one of the nine gates of the Eastern Palace. It was frequently used by rulers for processions and leisure time, located near the mosque on Qasr El Shawk Street, adding a ceremonial aspect to its function.

The Marvelous Bab El Zumered (The Emerald Gate)

Built in 969 AD during the Fatimid period, Bab El Zumered was one of the nine gates of the Eastern Palace. It was known for its connection to the Nile, where the caliphs would travel to relax by the riverbank, highlighting the luxurious lifestyle of the Fatimid rulers.

The Shining Bab El Dahab (The Gold Gate)

Known as the Gate of Gold, Bab El Dahab was one of the grandest Fatimid gates. It was famous for its grand processions and its proximity to Mansouri Bimaristan, one of the largest hospitals in Egypt, emphasizing both its ceremonial and practical significance.

The Magical Bab El Zahuma

Bab El Zahuma served as a kitchen gate of the Fatimid palace, named for the rich aroma of meat that wafted through the area during food preparation. This gate provides insight into the daily life and opulence of the Fatimid court.

The Honorable Qasr El Shawk Bab (Gate of the Palace of Thorns)

Also known as the Gate of the Palace of Thorns, this gate led directly to the Eastern Palace and served a ceremonial function during the Fatimid era. It was used in grand events and festivities, adding to the splendor of the palace.

The Beautiful Bab Al-Dheisheh

Located in the Citadel, Bab Al-Dheisheh was known for its majestic architecture and elaborate decorations. Built by Sultan Imad Eddin Ismail in 1344 AD, the gate reflects the grandeur and artistic skill of the Mamluk period.

The Famous Bab El Hadid (The Iron Gate)

Constructed in 1174 AD by Salah El-Din, Bab El Hadid was a key entrance near Ramses Square and the Nile. The gate’s strategic importance lay in its control of access to the river, making it an essential point for trade and transportation during the Ayyubid period.

The Mighty Bab Al Shariya

Bab El Shairia, also known as Bab Al Shariya, is located under section 16 of the document. It provides details about its construction by Salah El-Din, its position in the northern wall of Cairo, and its removal in 1884.