Summary

• The Unfinished Obelisk in Aswan is a remarkable example of ancient Egyptian engineering and ambition.
• It was commissioned by Queen Hatshepsut during Egypt’s New Kingdom.
• This colossal obelisk was intended to stand at 42 meters tall, making it the largest obelisk ever attempted by the Egyptians.
• The project was abandoned after cracks were discovered in the granite during the carving process.
• Despite its unfinished status, the site provides valuable insights into ancient stone-working techniques, including the use of dolerite balls to chisel the granite and innovative methods for detaching the stone from the bedrock.
• The Unfinished Obelisk also carries significant mythological meaning, symbolizing the connection between the earth and the divine, especially the sun god Ra.
• The site remains a cherished open-air museum, offering visitors a rare glimpse into the advanced construction methods and religious devotion that defined ancient Egyptian civilization.

One of the marvelous monoliths of Aswan is the majestic Unfinished Obelisk, which acts as a living proof of the unmatched intelligence and skill of ancient Egypt, which wished to create an enormous tale from stone. It is without a doubt the largest obelisk ever constructed, but unfortunately was uncompleted. It offers the chance to shed some light on how such massive structures were created in ancient Egypt during Egypt new kingdom by the hands of Hatshepsut. This immortal piece of glorious art is key to fully understanding the secret of the ancient Egyptian construction process.

Examine the Unfinished Obelisk Location

The Unfinished Obelisk is located in a granite quarry in Aswan, within an area historically known for producing some of the finest granite used in ancient Egyptian architecture. Situated on the east bank of the Nile river, this quarry was an essential source of high-quality granite used in constructing temples, statues, and monumental obelisks across Egypt.

The quarry’s strategic location provided easy access for transporting stone blocks along the Nile to significant ancient sites such as Luxor and Karnak, where massive granite structures were erected to honor the gods and immortalize the pharaohs.

Today, the quarry is a preserved open-air museum, allowing visitors to walk among the relics of ancient Egypt’s ambitious stone-working projects and witness the massive Unfinished Obelisk still embedded in the bedrock. The site serves as a valuable historical and archaeological resource, shedding light on the ancient Egyptians’ engineering prowess and their religious dedication to monumental architecture.

Learn About the Epic History of the Unfinished Obelisk

The Unfinished Obelisk in Aswan stands as one of the most significant examples of ancient Egyptian architecture, demonstrating not only the Egyptians’ technological expertise but also their deep cultural and religious convictions. This monument, carved during the New Kingdom’s 18th Dynasty, was commissioned by Queen Hatshepsut, one of Egypt’s most powerful and ambitious rulers.

As the wife of King Thutmose II and later a co-regent with her stepson, Thutmose III, Queen Hatshepsut reigned from 1478–1458 B.C., during which she initiated several grand architectural projects across Egypt. The obelisk was intended for the Karnak Temple in Luxor, a sacred site dedicated to the god Amun-Ra, and would have complemented the Lateran Obelisk, which also originated in Karnak before being relocated to Rome centuries later.

If completed, the Unfinished Obelisk would have stood at a height of 42 meters (137 feet), surpassing all known ancient obelisks, including the Lateran Obelisk, which measures around 32 meters (105 feet). Its sheer size and scale illustrate the Egyptians’ skill and their desire to create enduring structures as a means of securing their legacy and connecting with the divine.

Weighing an estimated 1,200 tons, this obelisk would also have been the heaviest stone monument of its kind, an achievement that underscores the Egyptians’ sophisticated understanding of construction techniques. However, due to the unfortunate discovery of cracks in the granite during its carving, the project was abandoned, leaving the obelisk still partially attached to the bedrock, preserved in its quarry location to this day.

Shed Light on the Unique Origin of Obelisks

The obelisk form itself holds significant spiritual meaning within ancient Egyptian culture. Carved from red granite, the Unfinished Obelisk was created to resemble the “primeval hill,” a mythical feature in Egyptian creation stories symbolizing the first emergence of the world. This sacred concept represents the mound that rose from the chaotic waters of Nun at the dawn of creation.

Obelisks, known to the Egyptians as “Tekhenu,” or “To Pierce the Sky,” were believed to channel divine energy and symbolize the power of the ancient Egyptian gods, particularly that of the sun god Ra, who was central to Egyptian cosmology. Their tall, slender structure and pyramidal top were designed to catch the first rays of the morning sun, channeling its light and energy downwards in a gesture of divine blessing.

The obelisk was also associated with the BenBen stone, a sacred object thought to embody the cosmic mound upon which the creator god Atum stood during the world’s creation. It is erected in temple courtyards and sacred spaces, obelisks served as focal points for the worship of Ra and represented the pharaoh’s connection to the gods, often commemorating their rule and achievements.

Some historians and archaeologists also link the origins of the obelisk to natural astronomical phenomena, suggesting that its shape and orientation may have been inspired by celestial alignments with the sun, lights of the zodiac, or certain constellations. This cosmic symbolism made the obelisk a powerful element in the Egyptians’ spiritual architecture, representing both the pharaoh’s authority and the perpetuity of divine order.

Explore the Incredible Construction Process of the Unfinished Obelisk

The site of the Unfinished Obelisk is preserved as an open-air museum, allowing modern visitors to explore the quarry and witness the advanced stone-working techniques used by the ancient Egyptians. The obelisk reveals evidence of the tools and methods employed to carve such a massive structure. Workers used a technique involving dolerite balls, which are small, hard stones that are more durable than granite.

These dolerite balls were likely used to chip away at the granite’s surface slowly, leaving characteristic marks that are still visible on the rock. The painstaking process of chiseling the rock away required both skill and endurance, as workers carved along the desired shape of the obelisk using repeated, controlled strikes.

The Egyptians also employed ingenious methods to separate the obelisk from the bedrock. After carving it almost entirely out of the granite bed, workers would create small cavities along the line where they wanted the rock to split. They filled these cavities with dry wooden wedges, which were then soaked with water.

The wood would expand as it absorbed the water, generating enough pressure to fracture the rock along the line of the cavities. This natural technique allowed the stone to detach cleanly from its base, a testament to the Egyptians’ resourcefulness and understanding of materials.

Besides the Unfinished Obelisk, the Aswan quarry holds other smaller carved stones and objects that suggest the site was a primary source of granite for Egypt’s monumental construction projects. Many of Egypt’s iconic obelisks, statues, and temple structures were made from Aswan granite, prized for its durability and rich reddish hue.

The remains of other half-carved stones at the quarry indicate that the site may have supplied granite for obelisks placed in important locations throughout Egypt, as well as for the massive colossi and temples seen in Luxor, Karnak, and even across the Mediterranean sea in ancient Rome.

Why Was the Unfinished Obelisk Unfinished?

The Unfinished Obelisk project was abandoned when structural flaws became evident in the stone. During the carving process, workers encountered cracks in the granite that would have compromised the obelisk’s integrity and stability. Ancient Egyptian builders had planned for the obelisk to stand upright, where it would need to endure various stresses and environmental factors.

The cracks, which would have continued to expand over time, made it impossible for the obelisk to maintain the stability required for an upright position. Attempting to transport and erect such a massive structure with inherent weaknesses would have posed significant risks. Unable to proceed, the craftsmen left the obelisk in its quarry, providing a rare and instructive glimpse into the techniques and challenges faced by the ancient Egyptians in their monumental architectural endeavors.

The Legacy and Modern Significance of the Unfinished Obelisk

The Unfinished Obelisk site is a celebrated archaeological treasure in Egypt, providing scholars and visitors with invaluable insight into the ancient Egyptians’ architectural prowess and religious beliefs. The site has been designated as an open-air museum and is protected by the Egyptian government.

Visitors can walk through the quarry, observing the tool marks, rock cuts, and unfinished elements that reveal a window into the daily lives and meticulous processes of ancient workers. Through the preservation of such sites, the legacy of ancient Egyptian stone-working, their dedication to the gods, and their architectural ambition continue to inspire people worldwide.

The Unfinished Obelisk encapsulates the Egyptians’ extraordinary commitment to their beliefs and their advanced engineering capabilities, showcasing how the ancient world was capable of undertaking projects that would be challenging even with today’s technology. It stands as a symbol of a culture that prized its connection with the cosmos, dedicated itself to honoring the gods, and pursued monumental architecture to achieve a sense of timelessness and divine alignment.

Discover the Other Obelisks in Egypt

There are an additional eight great Obelisks, which remain in Egypt till today:

• Karnak temple, Thebes, established by King Tuthmosis I.
• Karnak temple, Thebes, was established by Queen Hatshepsut, who erected the second obelisk (fallen)
• Karnak temple, Thebes, was raised by Seti II (7m).
• Luxor Temple was established by Ramses II.
• Luxor Museum was built by Ramses II
• Heliopolis, Cairo raised by Senusret I.
• Gezira Island, Cairo, established by Ramses II (20.4m high / 120 tons).
• Cairo International Airport was established by Ramses II, 16.97m high.

Unfinished Obelisk Facts

• Size and Dimensions: If completed, the Unfinished Obelisk would have measured around 42 meters (137 feet) in height, making it the tallest obelisk ever attempted by the ancient Egyptians.
• Weight: The obelisk is estimated to weigh approximately 1,200 tons (2.6 million pounds), which would have made it the heaviest obelisk in ancient Egypt and the world.
• Commission: The Unfinished Obelisk was likely commissioned by Queen Hatshepsut, one of Egypt’s most prominent female pharaohs, who ruled during the 18th Dynasty (478–1458 B.C.). She intended to place it in the Karnak Temple in Luxor, where it would stand as a monumental tribute to the gods and her reign.
• Abandonment Due to Cracks: During the carving process, workers discovered multiple cracks in the granite, leading to the project’s abandonment. The obelisk remains partially attached to the bedrock, providing insight into ancient stone-working techniques.
• Stone-working Evidence: The obelisk retains visible tool marks and ochre lines, offering a rare glimpse into the methods and materials used by ancient Egyptian workers. Dolerite stones, harder than granite, were likely used as hammers to chip away the rock.
• Mythological Significance: Obelisks like the Unfinished Obelisk symbolized the connection between the earth and the divine. They were associated with the BenBen stone, a symbol of creation in ancient Egyptian mythology, and were designed to catch the first rays of the sun, symbolizing the sun god Ra’s power.