Summary

• The Rosetta Stone stands as one of history’s most important archaeological discoveries, unlocking the secrets of ancient Egyptian civilization.
• Found in 1799 in the Nile Delta town of Rosetta by a French soldier during Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign, the stone bears a decree from 196 BC inscribed in three scripts: hieroglyphic, demotic, and ancient Greek.
• Its discovery enabled scholars, most notably Jean-François Champollion, to decipher hieroglyphics for the first time in centuries.
• The stone’s inscriptions praised the rule of King Ptolemy V and outlined his contributions to Egypt.
• Each script served a unique audience: hieroglyphs for the priesthood, demotic for the public, and Greek for the ruling elite. Champollion’s breakthrough in 1822 laid the foundation for modern Egyptology, forever changing the world’s understanding of ancient Egyptian language, history, and culture.
• Today housed in the British Museum, the Rosetta Stone remains a symbol of linguistic triumph and cross-cultural history.
• Its legacy reminds us how a single artifact can bridge civilizations and resurrect voices from the distant past.

The Rosetts stone is a true solidification of the saying: Behind every stone in Egypt, there is a story that goes back thousands of years. It is hard to imagine how a simple rock can change the course of history, often recognized as the most important archeological artifact in modern history. “The Rosetta Stone” was the key to deciphering the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and shed light on the hidden, mysterious secrets of the ancient Egyptian civilization.

The ancient Egyptian writing system of hieroglyphics was the subject of great debate since its death in the 2nd century BC, but in the early 19th century AD, it was raised from the dead with wonders and miracles in hand. Ancient Egyptian literature came to light once again after the decipherment of this enigmatic stone that changed the face of the entire world.

Who, Where, When & How Was the Ancient Egypt Rosetta Stone Found?

The Rosetta Stone was discovered by a French soldier named Pierre-François Bouchard, who was part of Napoleon Bonaparte’s military campaign in Egypt. The discovery occurred during Napoleon’s Egyptian expedition (1798–1801), which included both military efforts and a scholarly mission. Alongside Bouchard were teams of 150 scholars in different fields known as “savants,” who were tasked with documenting the history, geography, and culture of Egypt.

The Rosetta Stone was found in the town of Rosetta at Port Saint Julien, now known as Rashid, located in the Nile river Delta region of northern Egypt. It was stuck in an old wall during the rebuilding of a fort named Fort Julien. This location, near the Mediterranean sea coast, had historically been an important center for trade and military fortifications.

The Rosetta Stone was discovered on July 15, 1799, during the French occupation of Egypt under Napoleon Bonaparte. At the time, the French forces were in the process of constructing military defenses in Rosetta as part of their broader campaign to control Egypt. The stone was subsequently handed over to scholars and became a key object of study.

The stone was uncovered by accident during construction. Bouchard and his team were working on the foundation of Fort Julien, where they stumbled upon a large black slab made of granodiorite. Recognizing that it contained inscriptions in multiple languages, Bouchard and other French scholars quickly realized its potential significance. Although they did not fully comprehend its historical importance at the time, they understood that the inscriptions could be vital for deciphering Egypt’s ancient language.

After the French were defeated by British forces in 1801, the Rosetta Stone was seized by the British as part of the Treaty of Alexandria. The British transported the artifact to England, where it became the property of the British Museum in London, where it has been on display since 1802.

The Marvelous Languages Found on the Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone contains an inscription written in three distinct scripts hieroglyphic script of 14 lines, a demotic text of 32 lines and a Greek text of 54 lines, narrating the same affair which is a decree issued by a council of priests asserting the divine status of King Ptolemy V (205-180 BCE). The languages on the stone formed a unique connection, and each had a role to play, which included:

Hieroglyphs

Egyptian Hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in ancient Egypt, primarily for religious texts, inscriptions on monuments, and royal decrees. Hieroglyphs consisted of a combination of logographic and alphabetic symbols. At the time the Rosetta Stone was created, hieroglyphs were used mostly for religious and ceremonial purposes, especially in temple and tomb inscriptions. The hieroglyphic text was meant for the Egyptian priesthood, who would have been the primary users and interpreters of this sacred script.

Demotic Script

Demotic was a simplified and more cursive form of Egyptian writing, used in the daily administrative, legal, and business documents of the Ptolemaic and late pharaonic periods. It developed from earlier scripts like hieratic and was more accessible to the common people of Egypt. The Demotic script on the Rosetta Stone was the version of the text intended for the general Egyptian populace and for use in governmental affairs.

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek was the official language of the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt, who were descendants of Alexander the Great’s general, Ptolemy I. After Alexander’s conquest in 332 BCE, the Greek language became the administrative and ruling language of Egypt under the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty. The Greek text was intended for the Greek-speaking elites and government officials who governed Egypt then. The inclusion of Greek reflects the hybrid Greco-Egyptian nature of the Ptolemaic state.

The presence of the same decree in three scripts on the Rosetta Stone enabled Jean-François Champollion, using the Greek section, which could still be read and understood by contemporary linguists, as a basis for deciphering the Egyptian hieroglyphs and Demotic script. This breakthrough in 1822 opened the door to understanding thousands of years of previously undecipherable Egyptian inscriptions and texts, making the Rosetta Stone the key to the establishment and study of Egyptology.

Facts About the Rosetta Stone

The rosetta stone is an uncompleted grey and pink granodiorite stela dating to 196 BC which holds a decree of king Ptolemy V of Egypt in three languages: Hieroglyphics, Domatic, and Greek, all containing the same texts and meaning which was the key to decipher and fully understand the language and writing system of hieroglyphics.

The hieroglyphs were known to be the language of the priests, demotic texts were the common language of that time, and Greek was used for administrative purposes. The Rosetta stone measures 112.3 by 75.7 cm tall and 28.4 cm thick. It contains 14 lines of hieroglyphic, 32 lines of demotic texts, and 54 lines of Greek texts. The two top corners and the bottom right corner of the stela are missing. The back of the stone is rough, while the front is smooth and filled with different scripts.

Learn About the Majestic History of The Rosetta Stone

It was created in the Hellenistic period during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V in 196 BC by a priestly council of memphis that affirms the royal cult of King Ptolemy, one year directly after his coronation.

It was displayed in a temple during ancient Egypt near the city of Sais and was then moved in the medieval period, then to the town of Rosetta in the Nile delta, where it was lost forever, or that’s what we sought. The stone was miraculously discovered at Port Saint Julien in the city of Rosetta (El-Rashid) in 1799 AD by an officer engineer, Bouchard of Napoleon’s army.

The stone was extracted from an old wall that was under renovation. The stone was later seized by a British general turner, after the defeat of Napoleon in 1801. Then, in 1802, the stone was moved to the British Museum in London, where it still resides and is considered one of the most-visited objects in the museum till today.

What Does the Rosetta Stone Say

The texts on the rosetta stone talks about the achievements and the justice & productive rule of Ptolemy V. The texts talk about the prosperity brought to Egypt, the construction of temples and water canals and the restoration of old ones, the reduction and elimination of taxes, the release of many prisons who were considered enemies of the state and the expansion of the Egyptian empire.

The texts also showcase Ptolemy as the god Ptolemy, beloved of Ptah. The Rosetta Stone details that the king’s birthday and coronation on the last day of the 17th of each month were celebrated as festivals. These decrees were written in three writing systems, and then the stones were set up in all the temples next to the statue of this great king.

Deciphering The Magical Treasures of Rosetta Stone

The deciphering process of the rosette stone was largely accomplished by Thomas Young, an English physicist, and Jean-François Champollion of France. The Rosetta Stone held six identical cartouches (oval figures enclosing hieroglyphs). Young was the first person to show that some of the hieroglyphs on the stone wrote the sound of the royal name of Ptolemy.

He deciphered the cartouche and proved that the cartouches found in other inscriptions were the names of royalty. He also discovered how hieroglyphic signs were to be read. Then came Champollion, who cracked the hieroglyphs code by realizing that some of the signs were alphabetic, syllabic, and determinative in 1822.

He was able to use his talent and knowledge of ancient languages to show the link between hieroglyphs and their Greek equivalents. He showcased that the hieroglyphics were a combination of phonetic and ideographic signs that represented the sound of the early ancient Egyptian language. Champollion became the founding father of Egyptology.